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Permanent, irreversible abeyance of all biological functions that sustain organisms

The human skull is used universally as a symbol of death

Decease tending to his flowers, in Kuoleman Puutarha, Hugo Simberg (1906)

Death is the irreversible cessation of all biological functions that sustain an organism.^[1] Encephalon death is sometimes used as a legal definition of death.^[2] The remains of a former organism normally begin to decompose shortly after death. Death is an inevitable, universal process that eventually occurs in all organisms.

Decease is generally practical to whole organisms; the like process seen in individual components of an organism, such every bit cells or tissues, is necrosis. Something that is not considered an organism, such as a virus, can be physically destroyed only is not said to dice. Every bit of the early 21st century, over 150,000 humans die each day, with ageing beingness by far the nearly mutual cause of decease.

Many cultures and religions have the idea of an afterlife, and also may agree the idea of sentence of good and bad deeds in 1's life (sky, hell, karma).

Diagnosis

World Wellness Arrangement estimated number of deaths per million persons in 2012

1,054–4,598

4,599–5,516

5,517–half-dozen,289

6,290–6,835

6,836–7,916

vii,917–viii,728

8,729–9,404

ix,405–10,433

10,434–12,233

12,234–17,141

Issues of definition

French – 16th-/17th-century ivory pendant, Monk and Death, recalling mortality and the certainty of death (Walters Art Museum)

The concept of death is a primal to human understanding of the miracle.^[iii] There are many scientific approaches and diverse interpretations of the concept. Additionally, the appearance of life-sustaining therapy and the numerous criteria for defining expiry from both a medical and legal standpoint, take made it difficult to create a single unifying definition.

One of the challenges in defining death is in distinguishing information technology from life. Every bit a betoken in time, death would seem to refer to the moment at which life ends. Determining when death has occurred is hard, as cessation of life functions is often not simultaneous beyond organ systems.^[4] Such conclusion, therefore, requires drawing precise conceptual boundaries between life and death. This is difficult, due to at that place being little consensus on how to define life.

It is possible to ascertain life in terms of consciousness. When consciousness ceases, an organism can exist said to accept died. 1 of the flaws in this approach is that there are many organisms that are alive but probably non conscious (for instance, single-celled organisms). Some other problem is in defining consciousness, which has many different definitions given past modern scientists, psychologists and philosophers. Additionally, many religious traditions, including Abrahamic and Dharmic traditions, hold that death does not (or may not) entail the end of consciousness. In certain cultures, death is more of a process than a single event. It implies a ho-hum shift from ane spiritual land to some other.^[5]

Other definitions for death focus on the graphic symbol of abeyance of something.^[6] ^{[ description needed ]} More than specifically, death occurs when a living entity experiences irreversible abeyance of all operation.^[vii] Equally it pertains to human life, death is an irreversible procedure where someone loses their existence as a person.^[seven]

Historically, attempts to define the exact moment of a human'south death have been subjective, or imprecise. Death was once defined as the cessation of heartbeat (cardiac arrest) and of breathing, but the development of CPR and prompt defibrillation have rendered that definition inadequate because breathing and heartbeat tin sometimes be restarted. This type of death where circulatory and respiratory arrest happens is known as the circulatory definition of decease (DCDD). Proponents of the DCDD believe that this definition is reasonable considering a person with permanent loss of circulatory and respiratory role should be considered dead.^[viii] Critics of this definition state that while abeyance of these functions may be permanent, it does not mean the state of affairs is irreversible, considering if CPR was applied, the person could be revived.^[8] Thus, the arguments for and confronting the DCDD boil down to a affair of defining the bodily words "permanent" and "irreversible," which further complicates the challenge of defining death. Furthermore, events which were causally linked to death in the past no longer impale in all circumstances; without a operation heart or lungs, life can sometimes be sustained with a combination of life back up devices, organ transplants and artificial pacemakers.

Today, where a definition of the moment of death is required, doctors and coroners usually turn to "encephalon expiry" or "biological death" to define a person as being dead; people are considered dead when the electric activity in their brain ceases. Information technology is presumed that an stop of electrical activity indicates the end of consciousness. Suspension of consciousness must be permanent, and not transient, every bit occurs during certain sleep stages, and particularly a coma. In the example of sleep, EEGs can easily tell the difference.

The category of "brain death" is seen as problematic by some scholars. For instance, Dr. Franklin Miller, senior kinesthesia fellow member at the Department of Bioethics, National Institutes of Health, notes: "By the late 1990s... the equation of brain death with expiry of the homo was increasingly challenged by scholars, based on evidence regarding the array of biological performance displayed by patients correctly diagnosed as having this status who were maintained on mechanical ventilation for substantial periods of time. These patients maintained the power to sustain circulation and respiration, control temperature, excrete wastes, heal wounds, fight infections and, most dramatically, to gestate fetuses (in the instance of meaning "brain-dead" women)."^[9]

While "brain death" is viewed as problematic past some scholars, at that place are certainly proponents of it that believe this definition of death is the almost reasonable for distinguishing life from decease. The reasoning behind the support for this definition is that brain death has a gear up of criteria that is reliable and reproducible.^[ten] Besides, the encephalon is crucial in determining our identity or who we are equally human beings. The distinction should exist fabricated that "brain decease" cannot be equated with 1 who is in a vegetative state or coma, in that the former situation describes a state that is beyond recovery.^[10]

Those people maintaining that just the neo-cortex of the brain is necessary for consciousness sometimes debate that only electrical activity should be considered when defining death. Somewhen information technology is possible that the criterion for death will be the permanent and irreversible loss of cognitive role, every bit evidenced by the decease of the cerebral cortex. All hope of recovering human thought and personality is and so gone given electric current and foreseeable medical technology. At nowadays, in nigh places the more conservative definition of decease – irreversible cessation of electrical activeness in the whole brain, equally opposed to just in the neo-cortex – has been adopted (for case the Uniform Determination Of Death Act in the United states of america). In 2005, the Terri Schiavo example brought the question of brain death and artificial sustenance to the front of American politics.

Even by whole-encephalon criteria, the determination of brain decease can exist complicated. EEGs tin observe spurious electric impulses, while certain drugs, hypoglycemia, hypoxia, or hypothermia tin suppress or even terminate brain activity on a temporary basis. Because of this, hospitals have protocols for determining brain death involving EEGs at widely separated intervals under divers weather.

In the past, adoption of this whole-brain definition was a decision of the President'due south Commission for the Study of Upstanding Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Enquiry in 1980.^[11] They ended that this arroyo to defining death sufficed in reaching a uniform definition nationwide. A multitude of reasons were presented to support this definition including: uniformity of standards in constabulary for establishing death; consumption of a family unit'southward fiscal resources for artificial life support; and legal establishment for equating brain death with death in social club to go along with organ donation.^[12]

Bated from the effect of back up of or dispute confronting brain death, there is some other inherent problem in this categorical definition: the variability of its awarding in medical exercise. In 1995, the American Academy of Neurology (AAN), established a prepare of criteria that became the medical standard for diagnosing neurologic decease. At that time, three clinical features had to be satisfied in order to determine "irreversible cessation" of the total brain including: coma with clear etiology, cessation of breathing, and lack of brainstem reflexes.^[thirteen] This fix of criteria was then updated again virtually recently in 2010, just substantial discrepancies yet remain across hospitals and medical specialties.^[13]

The problem of defining death is specially imperative as it pertains to the dead donor dominion, which could be understood equally one of the following interpretations of the rule: there must be an official announcement of death in a person before starting organ procurement or that organ procurement cannot event in decease of the donor.^[eight] A keen deal of controversy has surrounded the definition of death and the dead donor dominion. Advocates of the dominion believe the rule is legitimate in protecting organ donors while also countering against any moral or legal objection to organ procurement. Critics, on the other paw, believe that the rule does not uphold the best interests of the donors and that the rule does not effectively promote organ donation.^[8]

Signs

Signs of death or strong indications that a warm-blooded animal is no longer alive are:

Respiratory arrest (no breathing)
Cardiac arrest (no pulse)
Brain death (no neuronal activity)

Timeline of postmortem changes (stages of expiry).

The stages that follow after decease are:

Pallor mortis , paleness which happens in the fifteen–120 minutes afterwards death
Algor mortis , the reduction in body temperature following death. This is generally a steady decline until matching ambience temperature
Rigor mortis , the limbs of the corpse become stiff (Latin rigor) and hard to move or manipulate
Livor mortis , a settling of the blood in the lower (dependent) portion of the torso
Putrefaction, the kickoff signs of decomposition
Decomposition, the reduction into simpler forms of matter, accompanied by a strong, unpleasant smell.
Skeletonization, the end of decomposition, where all soft tissues have decomposed, leaving simply the skeleton.
Fossilization, the natural preservation of the skeletal remains formed over a very long period

Legal

The decease of a person has legal consequences that may vary between different jurisdictions. A expiry certificate is issued in well-nigh jurisdictions, either past a md, or by an administrative office upon presentation of a doctor'due south declaration of death.

Misdiagnosed

There are many anecdotal references to people being declared dead by physicians and so "coming back to life", sometimes days afterwards in their own coffin, or when embalming procedures are about to begin. From the mid-18th century onwards, there was an upsurge in the public'southward fright of existence mistakenly buried live,^[14] and much debate about the uncertainty of the signs of expiry. Various suggestions were made to examination for signs of life earlier burial, ranging from pouring vinegar and pepper into the corpse's mouth to applying ruby-red hot pokers to the feet or into the rectum.^[15] Writing in 1895, the physician J.C. Ouseley claimed that equally many as ii,700 people were buried prematurely each yr in England and Wales, although others estimated the figure to be closer to 800.^[sixteen]

In cases of electric shock, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for an 60 minutes or longer can allow stunned fretfulness to recover, allowing an apparently dead person to survive. People establish unconscious under icy water may survive if their faces are kept continuously cold until they arrive at an emergency room.^[17] This "diving response", in which metabolic activity and oxygen requirements are minimal, is something humans share with cetaceans called the mammalian diving reflex.^[17]

As medical technologies advance, ideas well-nigh when death occurs may have to be re-evaluated in calorie-free of the ability to restore a person to vitality after longer periods of apparent death (every bit happened when CPR and defibrillation showed that cessation of heartbeat is inadequate every bit a decisive indicator of death). The lack of electrical brain activeness may not be enough to consider someone scientifically dead. Therefore, the concept of data-theoretic expiry^[18] has been suggested as a better means of defining when true death occurs, though the concept has few practical applications outside the field of cryonics.

There have been some scientific attempts to bring dead organisms back to life, simply with limited success.^[19] In scientific discipline fiction scenarios where such technology is readily available, real expiry is distinguished from reversible death.

Causes

The leading cause of human decease in developing countries is communicable diseases. The leading causes in developed countries are atherosclerosis (middle affliction and stroke), cancer, and other diseases related to obesity and aging. By an extremely wide margin, the largest unifying crusade of expiry in the developed globe is biological aging,^[20] leading to various complications known as aging-associated diseases. These conditions crusade loss of homeostasis, leading to cardiac arrest, causing loss of oxygen and nutrient supply, causing irreversible deterioration of the brain and other tissues. Of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe, nearly two thirds die of age-related causes.^[20] In industrialized nations, the proportion is much college, approaching 90%.^[20] With improved medical capability, dying has go a condition to be managed. Home deaths, once commonplace, are now rare in the adult earth.

American children smoking in 1910. Tobacco smoking caused an estimated 100 million deaths in the 20th century.^[21]

In developing nations, inferior sanitary conditions and lack of access to modern medical technology makes death from infectious diseases more mutual than in adult countries. 1 such disease is tuberculosis, a bacterial disease which killed 1.8M people in 2015.^[22] Malaria causes about 400–900M cases of fever and 1–3M deaths annually.^[23] AIDS death toll in Africa may reach 90–100M by 2025.^[24] ^[25]

Co-ordinate to Jean Ziegler (United nations Special Reporter on the Right to Food, 2000 – Mar 2008), mortality due to malnutrition accounted for 58% of the total mortality rate in 2006. Ziegler says worldwide approximately 62M people died from all causes and of those deaths more than 36M died of hunger or diseases due to deficiencies in micronutrients.^[26]

Tobacco smoking killed 100 million people worldwide in the 20th century and could kill one billion people around the world in the 21st century, a Globe Wellness Organization report warned.^[21]

Many leading developed globe causes of decease can be postponed past diet and physical activity, simply the accelerating incidence of affliction with age still imposes limits on human longevity. The evolutionary cause of aging is, at best, only simply kickoff to be understood. It has been suggested that directly intervention in the aging process may at present be the virtually effective intervention against major causes of death.^[27]

Le Suicidé past Édouard Manet depicts a man who has recently committed suicide via a firearm

Selye proposed a unified non-specific approach to many causes of death. He demonstrated that stress decreases adaptability of an organism and proposed to describe the adaptability equally a special resource, adaptation energy. The animal dies when this resources is wearied.^[28] Selye assumed that the adaptability is a finite supply, presented at birth. Later on, Goldstone proposed the concept of a production or income of adaptation free energy which may be stored (up to a limit), as a majuscule reserve of accommodation.^[29] In recent works, adaptation energy is considered as an internal coordinate on the "dominant path" in the model of adaptation. It is demonstrated that oscillations of well-being appear when the reserve of adaptability is virtually wearied.^[thirty]

In 2012, suicide overtook automobile crashes for leading causes of human injury deaths in the U.S., followed by poisoning, falls and murder.^[31] Causes of death are different in unlike parts of the world. In loftier-income and middle income countries well-nigh one-half up to more than 2 thirds of all people live across the age of seventy and predominantly die of chronic diseases. In depression-income countries, where less than i in 5 of all people reach the historic period of seventy, and more than a third of all deaths are amid children under fifteen, people predominantly die of infectious diseases.^[32]

Dissection

An autopsy, also known as a postmortem test or an obduction, is a medical procedure that consists of a thorough exam of a human corpse to make up one's mind the cause and way of a person's death and to evaluate whatsoever disease or injury that may be present. It is unremarkably performed by a specialized medical doctor called a pathologist.

Autopsies are either performed for legal or medical purposes. A forensic autopsy is carried out when the crusade of death may be a criminal thing, while a clinical or academic autopsy is performed to find the medical cause of expiry and is used in cases of unknown or uncertain death, or for inquiry purposes. Autopsies can exist further classified into cases where external examination suffices, and those where the body is dissected and an internal examination is conducted. Permission from next of kin may exist required for internal autopsy in some cases. Once an internal autopsy is complete the body is generally reconstituted past sewing it back together. Dissection is important in a medical surroundings and may shed lite on mistakes and help improve practices.

A necropsy, which is not e'er a medical procedure, was a term previously used to depict an unregulated postmortem examination . In modernistic times, this term is more unremarkably associated with the corpses of animals.

Senescence

Senescence refers to a scenario when a living being is able to survive all calamities, but somewhen dies due to causes relating to old age. Fauna and plant cells normally reproduce and function during the whole period of natural existence, merely the aging process derives from deterioration of cellular activeness and ruination of regular functioning. Aptitude of cells for gradual deterioration and mortality ways that cells are naturally sentenced to stable and long-term loss of living capacities, even despite continuing metabolic reactions and viability. In the United Kingdom, for example, nine out of 10 of all the deaths that occur on a daily basis relates to senescence, while around the world it accounts for two-thirds of 150,000 deaths that have place daily (Hayflick & Moody, 2003).

Almost all animals who survive external hazards to their biological functioning eventually die from biological aging, known in life sciences as "senescence". Some organisms experience negligible senescence, even exhibiting biological immortality. These include the jellyfish Turritopsis dohrnii,^[33] the hydra, and the planarian. Unnatural causes of expiry include suicide and predation. From all causes, roughly 150,000 people die effectually the globe each solar day.^[xx] Of these, two thirds die directly or indirectly due to senescence, merely in industrialized countries – such as the U.s.a., the Britain, and Germany – the rate approaches 90% (i.e., almost ix out of x of all deaths are related to senescence).^[20]

Physiological death is at present seen as a process, more than an consequence: weather once considered indicative of decease are now reversible.^[34] Where in the process a dividing line is drawn between life and expiry depends on factors across the presence or absence of vital signs. In general, clinical death is neither necessary nor sufficient for a determination of legal death. A patient with working eye and lungs adamant to exist brain dead can be pronounced legally expressionless without clinical expiry occurring.

Cryonics

Technicians prepare a body for cryopreservation in 1985.

Cryonics (from Greek κρύος 'kryos-' meaning 'icy cold') is the low-temperature preservation of animals and humans who cannot be sustained past contemporary medicine, with the hope that healing and resuscitation may be possible in the futurity.^[35] ^[36]

Cryopreservation of people or large animals is non reversible with current technology. The stated rationale for cryonics is that people who are considered dead by current legal or medical definitions may not necessarily be dead according to the more stringent information-theoretic definition of death.^[18] ^[37]

Some scientific literature is claimed to support the feasibility of cryonics.^[38] Medical science and cryobiologists generally regards cryonics with skepticism.^[39]

Reperfusion

"Ane of medicine's new frontiers: treating the dead", recognizes that cells that have been without oxygen for more five minutes die,^[twoscore] not from lack of oxygen, but rather when their oxygen supply is resumed. Therefore, practitioners of this arroyo, eastward.g., at the Resuscitation Science institute at the Academy of Pennsylvania, "aim to reduce oxygen uptake, wearisome metabolism and arrange the blood chemical science for gradual and safe reperfusion."^[41]

Life extension

Life extension refers to an increase in maximum or average lifespan, especially in humans, by slowing downwardly or reversing the processes of aging through anti-aging measures. Despite the fact that aging is past far the about mutual crusade of death worldwide, information technology is socially mostly ignored as such and seen equally "necessary" and "inevitable" anyway, which is why little coin is spent on research into anti-aging therapies, a phenomenon known every bit the pro-aging trance.^[20]

Average lifespan is determined by vulnerability to accidents and age or lifestyle-related afflictions such as cancer, or cardiovascular disease. Extension of average lifespan can be achieved by good nutrition, do and avoidance of hazards such as smoking. Maximum lifespan is also determined past the rate of aging for a species inherent in its genes. Currently, the only widely recognized method of extending maximum lifespan is calorie restriction. Theoretically, extension of maximum lifespan can be achieved past reducing the charge per unit of aging impairment, by periodic replacement of damaged tissues, or past molecular repair or rejuvenation of deteriorated cells and tissues.

A United states of america poll found that religious people and irreligious people, equally well every bit men and women and people of different economic classes accept similar rates of support for life extension, while Africans and Hispanics have higher rates of back up than white people.^[42] 38 percent of the polled said they would want to take their crumbling process cured.

Researchers of life extension are a bracket of biogerontologists known equally "biomedical gerontologists". They try to empathise the nature of crumbling and they develop treatments to opposite aging processes or to at least tiresome them down, for the improvement of health and the maintenance of youthful vigor at every phase of life. Those who take reward of life extension findings and seek to utilise them upon themselves are called "life extensionists" or "longevists". The primary life extension strategy currently is to apply available anti-aging methods in the promise of living long plenty to benefit from a consummate cure to aging in one case it is developed.

Location

Before near 1930, most people in Western countries died in their own homes, surrounded by family unit, and comforted by clergy, neighbors, and doctors making house calls.^[45] Past the mid-20th century, one-half of all Americans died in a hospital.^[46] By the first of the 21st century, only about 20–25% of people in developed countries died exterior of a medical institution.^[46] ^[47] ^[48] The shift abroad from dying at dwelling towards dying in a professional medical surroundings has been termed the "Invisible Death".^[46] This shift occurred gradually over the years, until most deaths at present occur outside the dwelling.^[49]

Psychology

Death studies is a field within psychology.^[fifty]

Many people are afraid of dying. Discussing, thinking about, or planning for their own deaths causes them discomfort. This fear may cause them to put off financial planning, preparing a will and testament, or requesting aid from a hospice organization.

Different people have unlike responses to the idea of their ain deaths.

Philosopher Galen Strawson writes that the death that many people wish for is an instant, painless, unexperienced annihilation.^[51] In this unlikely scenario, the person dies without realizing it and without being able to fright it. 1 moment the person is walking, eating, or sleeping, and the next moment, the person is dead. Strawson reasons that this type of death would non accept annihilation abroad from the person, as he believes that a person cannot take a legitimate merits to ownership in the future.^[51] ^[52]

Social club and culture

In society, the nature of death and humanity's awareness of its ain mortality has for millennia been a concern of the earth's religious traditions and of philosophical inquiry. This includes belief in resurrection or an afterlife (associated with Abrahamic religions), reincarnation or rebirth (associated with Dharmic religions), or that consciousness permanently ceases to be, known as eternal oblivion (associated with Secular humanism).^[53]

Commemoration ceremonies after death may include various mourning, funeral practices and ceremonies of honouring the deceased. The physical remains of a person, commonly known as a corpse or body, are usually interred whole or cremated, though among the earth'southward cultures in that location are a variety of other methods of mortuary disposal. In the English language, blessings directed towards a dead person include balance in peace (originally the Latin requiescat in step), or its initialism RIP.

Decease is the center of many traditions and organizations; customs relating to decease are a feature of every culture around the world. Much of this revolves effectually the intendance of the dead, as well as the afterlife and the disposal of bodies upon the onset of decease. The disposal of human corpses does, in general, begin with the last offices before meaning time has passed, and ritualistic ceremonies often occur, almost ordinarily interment or cremation. This is not a unified practice; in Tibet, for instance, the trunk is given a sky burial and left on a mountain pinnacle. Proper preparation for death and techniques and ceremonies for producing the ability to transfer one's spiritual attainments into another trunk (reincarnation) are subjects of detailed study in Tibet.^[54] Mummification or embalming is also prevalent in some cultures, to retard the rate of decay.

Legal aspects of death are besides part of many cultures, especially the settlement of the deceased estate and the issues of inheritance and in some countries, inheritance taxation.

Gravestones in Kyoto, Japan

Death sentence is also a culturally divisive aspect of death. In most jurisdictions where capital punishment is carried out today, the decease penalty is reserved for premeditated murder, espionage, treason, or every bit part of military justice. In some countries, sexual crimes, such as adultery and sodomy, carry the death penalty, equally exercise religious crimes such every bit betrayment, the formal renunciation of ane'south organized religion. In many retentionist countries, drug trafficking is also a capital offense. In People's republic of china, human trafficking and serious cases of abuse are too punished by the capital punishment. In militaries effectually the world courts-martial have imposed expiry sentences for offenses such as cowardice, desertion, insubordination, and mutiny.^[55]

Death in warfare and in suicide set on also have cultural links, and the ideas of dulce et decorum est pro patria mori, wildcat punishable by expiry, grieving relatives of dead soldiers and death notification are embedded in many cultures. Recently in the western world, with the increase in terrorism following the September xi attacks, but likewise further back in time with suicide bombings, kamikaze missions in World War Two and suicide missions in a host of other conflicts in history, death for a cause by style of suicide set on, and martyrdom have had significant cultural impacts.

Suicide in full general, and particularly euthanasia, are also points of cultural fence. Both acts are understood very differently in different cultures. In Japan, for example, catastrophe a life with accolade past seppuku was considered a desirable decease, whereas co-ordinate to traditional Christian and Islamic cultures, suicide is viewed every bit a sin. Death is personified in many cultures, with such symbolic representations every bit the Grim Reaper, Azrael, the Hindu god Yama and Father Time.

Santa Muerte, the personification of death in Mexican tradition^[56]

In Brazil, a human death is counted officially when it is registered by existing family members at a cartório, a regime-authorized registry. Before beingness able to file for an official death, the deceased must accept been registered for an official nativity at the cartório. Though a Public Registry Law guarantees all Brazilian citizens the right to register deaths, regardless of their financial means, of their family members (often children), the Brazilian government has non taken away the burden, the hidden costs and fees, of filing for a decease. For many impoverished families, the indirect costs and brunt of filing for a expiry lead to a more than appealing, unofficial, local, cultural burial, which in turn raises the debate about inaccurate mortality rates.^[57]

Talking about decease and witnessing information technology is a difficult outcome with well-nigh cultures. Western societies may like to treat the dead with the utmost material respect, with an official embalmer and associated rites. Eastern societies (like India) may be more than open up to accepting it as a fait accompli, with a funeral procession of the dead body ending in an open up-air burning-to-ashes of the same.

Consciousness

Much interest and debate environment the question of what happens to one's consciousness as 1's body dies. The belief in the permanent loss of consciousness after decease is oft called eternal oblivion. Conventionalities that the stream of consciousness is preserved after physical expiry is described by the term afterlife. Neither are likely to ever be confirmed without the ponderer having to actually die.

In biological science

After death, the remains of a former organism become part of the biogeochemical cycle, during which animals may be consumed past a predator or a scavenger. Organic material may then be farther decomposed past detritivores, organisms which recycle detritus, returning it to the surround for reuse in the food chain, where these chemicals may somewhen cease up being consumed and alloyed into the cells of an organism. Examples of detritivores include earthworms, woodlice and dung beetles.

Microorganisms also play a vital role, raising the temperature of the decomposing matter as they break it down into nevertheless simpler molecules. Not all materials need to be fully decomposed. Coal, a fossil fuel formed over vast tracts of fourth dimension in swamp ecosystems, is one example.

Natural selection

Gimmicky evolutionary theory sees death as an important part of the procedure of natural selection. Information technology is considered that organisms less adapted to their surround are more likely to die having produced fewer offspring, thereby reducing their contribution to the genetic pool. Their genes are thus eventually bred out of a population, leading at worst to extinction and, more than positively, making the process possible, referred to as speciation. Frequency of reproduction plays an equally important part in determining species survival: an organism that dies young but leaves numerous offspring displays, according to Darwinian criteria, much greater fitness than a long-lived organism leaving simply one.

Extinction

A dodo, the bird that became a byword in the English language for the extinction of a species^[58]

Extinction is the cessation of existence of a species or grouping of taxa, reducing biodiversity. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the concluding individual of that species (although the capacity to brood and recover may take been lost earlier this point). Because a species' potential range may be very big, determining this moment is hard, and is usually washed retrospectively. This difficulty leads to phenomena such as Lazarus taxa, where species presumed extinct abruptly "reappear" (typically in the fossil record) after a period of credible absence. New species ascend through the procedure of speciation, an aspect of evolution. New varieties of organisms arise and thrive when they are able to notice and exploit an ecological niche – and species become extinct when they are no longer able to survive in changing atmospheric condition or against superior contest.

Evolution of aging and mortality

Inquiry into the evolution of aging aims to explain why so many living things and the vast majority of animals weaken and dice with age (exceptions include Hydra and the already cited jellyfish Turritopsis dohrnii, which research shows to be biologically immortal). The evolutionary origin of senescence remains one of the key puzzles of biological science. Gerontology specializes in the science of human aging processes.

Organisms showing but asexual reproduction (e.thousand. bacteria, some protists, like the euglenoids and many amoebozoans) and unicellular organisms with sexual reproduction (colonial or non, like the volvocine algae Pandorina and Chlamydomonas) are "immortal" at some extent, dying only due to external hazards, like existence eaten or meeting with a fatal blow. In multicellular organisms (and likewise in multinucleate ciliates),^[59] with a Weismannist development, that is, with a partitioning of labor betwixt mortal somatic (body) cells and "immortal" germ (reproductive) cells, death becomes an essential office of life, at to the lowest degree for the somatic line.^[threescore]

The Volvox algae are amid the simplest organisms to exhibit that division of labor between two completely dissimilar prison cell types, and as a consequence include expiry of somatic line as a regular, genetically regulated function of its life history.^[60] ^[61]

Religious views

Buddhism

In Buddhist doctrine and practice, death plays an important role. Awareness of death was what motivated Prince Siddhartha to strive to observe the "deathless" and finally to attain enlightenment. In Buddhist doctrine, death functions every bit a reminder of the value of having been built-in every bit a human being. Being reborn as a homo is considered the only country in which one can accomplish enlightenment. Therefore, death helps remind oneself that one should not take life for granted. The belief in rebirth amidst Buddhists does not necessarily remove death anxiety, since all beingness in the wheel of rebirth is considered filled with suffering, and being reborn many times does not necessarily mean that one progresses.^[62]

Death is office of several key Buddhist tenets, such as the Four Noble Truths and dependent origination.^[62]

Christianity

While there are different sects of Christianity with different branches of conventionalities; the overarching ideology on death grows from the knowledge of afterlife. Meaning after death the individual volition undergo a separation from mortality to immortality; their soul leaves the body entering a realm of spirits. Following this separation of trunk and spirit (i.e. death)resurrection will occur.^[63] Representing the same transformation Jesus Christ embodied subsequently his trunk was placed in the tomb for three days. Like Him, each person's body will be resurrected reuniting the spirit and trunk in a perfect form.^[64] This procedure allows the individuals soul to withstand death and transform into life after expiry.

Hinduism

In Hindu texts, decease is described as the individual eternal spiritual jiva-atma (soul or conscious self) exiting the current temporary fabric body. The soul exits this body when the body can no longer sustain the conscious self (life), which may be due to mental or physical reasons, or more accurately, the inability to act on ane's kama (material desires). During conception, the soul enters a compatible new torso based on the remaining merits and demerits of 1's karma (good/bad textile activities based on dharma) and the state of one's heed (impressions or final thoughts) at the time of expiry.

Usually the procedure of reincarnation (soul's transmigration) makes ane forget all memories of one'southward previous life. Considering nada really dies and the temporary textile trunk is always changing, both in this life and the next, expiry simply means forgetfulness of i's previous experiences (previous material identity).

Material beingness is described as being full of miseries arising from birth, disease, old age, decease, mind, weather, etc. To conquer samsara (the cycle of expiry and rebirth) and become eligible for i of the dissimilar types of moksha (liberation), one has to beginning conquer kama (material desires) and become cocky-realized. The homo grade of life is well-nigh suitable for this spiritual journey, especially with the help of sadhu (self-realized saintly persons), sastra (revealed spiritual scriptures), and guru (self-realized spiritual masters), given all three are in agreement.

Islam

Judaism

A yahrzeit candle lit in memory of a loved one on the anniversary of the expiry

In that location are a variety of behavior about the afterlife within Judaism, just none of them contradict the preference of life over death. This is partially because death puts a abeyance to the possibility of fulfilling whatever commandments.^{[ citation needed ]}

Language effectually death

The word decease comes from Sometime English dēaþ, which in turn comes from Proto-Germanic *dauþuz (reconstructed by etymological analysis). This comes from the Proto-Indo-European stem *dheu- meaning the "process, act, condition of dying".^[65]

The concept and symptoms of expiry, and varying degrees of effeminateness used in discussion in public forums, have generated numerous scientific, legal, and socially acceptable terms or euphemisms for death. When a person has died, it is also said they have passed away, passed on, expired, or are gone, amidst numerous other socially accepted, religiously specific, slang, and irreverent terms.

As a formal reference to a dead person, it has become common practice to use the participle form of "decease", equally in the deceased; another noun grade is decedent.

Insufficient of life, the dead person is so a corpse, cadaver, a body, a set of remains, and when all mankind has rotted abroad, a skeleton. The terms carrion and carcass can also be used, though these more than oftentimes connote the remains of non-human animals. The ashes left after a cremation are sometimes referred to by the neologism cremains.

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Bibliography

Bondeson, Jan (2001). Buried Live: the Terrifying History of our Most Central Fearfulness. W.Westward. Norton & Company. ISBN978-0-393-04906-0. ^{[ Publisher/twelvemonth date verification needed ]}
Mullin, Glenn H. (2008) [1998]. Living in the Face of Death: The Tibetan Tradition. Ithaca, New York: Snow Panthera leo Publications. ISBN978-1-55939-310-2.

External links

Death at Curlie
"Decease". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2016.
"Decease". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 898–900.
"Death" (video; 10:xviii) by Timothy Ferris, producer of the Voyager Golden Tape for NASA. 2021

eriksonwhated.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death